نكـــــاتي درباره ي no-any-some

 

نكـــــاتي درباره ي no-any-some

 

some به معني مقداري يا تعدادي صفت مقدار مي باشد و مي تواند قبل از اسمهاي قابل شمارش جـمع و همچنين قبل از اسمهاي غير قابل شمارش بكار رود .

 

I have some books.

I have some money.

Some

 اغلب در جمــلات مثبت بــكار مي رود و معادل آن در جملات منفي و سـوالي كلمه ي any  به معني هيچ يا اصــلأ مي باشد . توضيح اينكه any همــانند some مـي تواند هم قبـل از اسمهاي قابــل شمارش جمع و هم قبل از اسمهاي غير قابل شمارش بكار رود .

 

There are some pens on the table.

There are not any pens on the table.

Are there any pens on the table?

 

 تذكر1 : در جمـــلات منفي مي توانيم تركيب not any را حذف كرده و بجاي آنــــها كلمـه ي no را قـرار دهيم . no نيز همــانند some و any هم قبل از اسمهاي قابــــل شمارش جمـع و هم قبــــل از اسمهاي غير قابل شمارش بكار مي رود .

تذكر2 : no در جملات مثبت بكار مي رود ولي به جمله مفهوم منفي مي بخشد .

 

There are not any pens on the table.

There are no pens on the table.

 

I did not drink any milk.

I drank no milk.

 

 يادآوري :كلمات مركبي كه با some – any و no ساخته مي شوند نيزاز قوانين فوق پيروي مي كنند.

somebody – someone - something

anybody – anyone - anything

nobody - no one - nothing

 

I see somebody in the library.

She didn't eat anything.

You will say nothing.

 

زير گرينه ي درست خط بكشيد.

1. I didn't see …………….. money in the box .

a.any                    b.no                          c.many                        d.some             

 

2. Do you see ……………. snow on the ground ?

a.no                      b.many                     c.any                           d.some

 

3. There is …………… water in the glass.

a.no                      b.some                     c.little                          d.a,b and c

 

4. I didn’t ask …………… to help me.

a.nobody              b.somebody                c.anybody                      d.a and c

 

جملات مجهول

جملات معلوم و مجهول

جمله ي معلوم : جمله ي معلوم جمله اي است كه فاعل آن مشخص باشد .

جمله ي مجهول : جمله ي مجهول جمله اي است كه فاعل آن ( كننده ي كار ) مشخص نيست .

 اينگونه جملات را هنگامي بكار مي بريم كه :

1- فاعل جمله مشخص نباشد .

2- فاعل از درجه ي اهميت كمي برخوردار باشد لذا گوينده از ذكر آن خودداري مي كند و يا اينكه فاعل  را در آخر جمله ذكر مي كند .                                     

3- مفعول و نوع عمل از اهميت ويژه اي برخوردار باشد .

طريقه مجهول كردن جملات معلوم

براي تبديل جملات معلوم به مجهول مراحل زير را انجام مي دهيم :

1- مفعول جمله ي معلوم را به ابتداي جمله ي مجهول انتقال مي دهيم .

2- با توجه به زمان فعل جمله ي معلوم از يكي از افعال to be استفاده مي كنيم .

تذكر1 : چنانچه فعل جمله ي معلوم حال ساده باشد از يكي از افعال am-are-is استفاده مي كنيـــم .

           چنانچه فعل جمله ي معلوم گذشته ساده باشد از يكي از افعال was-were استفاده مي كنيم .

           چنانچه فعل جمله ي معلوم آينده ساده باشد از فعل will be استفاده مي كنيم .

           چنانچه فعل جمله معلوم ماضي نقلي باشد از have/has been استفاده مي كنيم.

           چنانچه فعل جمله معلوم ماضي بعيد باشد از had been استفاده مي كنيم.

           چنانچه فعل جمله معلوم آينده قصدي باشد از am/is/are going to be استفاده مي كنيم.

تذكر2 : فعل to be را متناسب با مفعول جمله ي مجهول بكار مي بريم .

3- اسم مفعول ( شكل سوم فعل ) فعل اصلي جمله ي معلوم را بعد از فعل to be در جمله ي مجــهول    بكار مي بريم .

4- بقيه ي جمله ي معلوم را پس از اسم مفعول در جمله ي مجهول بازنويسي مي كنيم .

يادآوري : جملات معلومي را مي توان به مجهول تبديل كرد كه فعل آن متعددي  بوده و پس آن مفعول  بكار رفته باشد .بنابراين جملات معلومي كه فعل آن لازم باشد را نمي توان به مجهول تبديل كرد زيرا در اينگونه جملات مفعول وجود ندارد .

                       بقيه ي جمله + مفعول + فعل اصلي + فاعل = جمله ي مـعلوم 

بقيه ي جمله + اسم مفعول + يكي از اشكال to be + مفعول = جمله ي مجهول

تذكر : چنانچه مفعول در جمله ي معلوم بشكل ضمير مفعولي بكار رفته باشد هنگامي كه آنرا به ابتداي

         جمله ي مجهول منتقل مي كنيم مي بايست آنرا بشكل ضمير فاعلي مشابهش تبديل كنيم .

me                       I                             us                        we 

you                    you                         you                       you

him                     he                          them                    they

her                     she   

it                         it    

نمونه سوال

زير گزينه ي درست خط بكشيد .  

1.The film ………………… at school two days ago .

a.showed                  b.is showed                     c.was showed                 d.shows

 

2………………. the car be washed ?

a.Is                           b.Will                               c.Does                            d.Did

 

3.A new school will be ……………… near our house next year .

a.build                      b.builds                            c.building                       d.built

 

4.This car ……………. repeired every day .

a.will                        b.will be                           c.is                                  d.was

 

5.They ……………… seen in the park last week .

a.aren’t                     b.weren’t                          c.will                               d.will be

جملات زير را به مجهول تبديل كنيد .

1.He passed the water to Ali .

………………………………

2.I will teach English naxt year .

…………………………………

3.He did his homework yesterday.

…………………………………...

4.They show the cartoon on Sundays .

……………………………………….

5.Did Neda repair the watch last night.

……………………………………….

شكل صحيح افعال داخل پرانتز را در نقطه چين بنويسيد .

1.This house …………………….. ( build ) two years ago .

2.Two men ……………………… ( kill ) in the accident .

3.The sick man …………………… ( take ) to the hospital .

4.Many people will be …………………… ( invite ) to the party .

5.A letter was …………………. ( write ) yesterday .

بجاي نقطه چين از شكل صحيح فعل to be استفاده كنيد .

1.The tickets ……………. bought last night .

2……………. the rooms be cleaned tomorrow .

3.The dishes …………….. not washed every day

كلمـــــــات پرسشي

كلمـــــــات پرسشي

 

 

 

كلمات پرسشي به دو دسته تقسيم مي شوند :

الف) كلمات پرسشي دسته ي اول :

بعد از كلمات پرسشي دسته ي اول همواره جمله به شكل سوالي بكار مي رود.

ب) كلمات پرسشي دسته ي دوم :

بعد از كلمات پرسشي دسته ي دوم ابتدا اسم بكار رفته و پس از اسم جمله به شكل سوالي بكار مي رود.

براي سوالي كردن جملات انگليسي به وسيله ي كلمات پرسشي مراحل زير را انجام مي دهيم .

1- كلمه ي پرسشي مورد نظر را در ابتداي جمله سوالي قرار مي دهيم.

2- پس از كلمه ي پرسشي جمله را به شكل سوالي در مي آوريم.

3- با توجه به معني كلمه ي پرسشي و طبق جداول فوق كلمه يا كلمات حذفي را از جمله حذف مي كنيم .

4- چنانچه كلمه ي پرسشي جزء كلمات پرسشي نوع دوم باشد، اسم را در جمله پيدا كرده و آنرا

پس از كلمه ي پرسشي قرار مي دهيم . (اسم هميشه بعد از كلمه ي حذفي قرار دارد).

 

تذكر : چنانچه كلمه ي حذفي در ابتداي جمله قرار داشته باشد فقط كافي است كه آنرا از جمـــله حذف كنيم و بجاي آن، كلمه ي پرسشي مورد نظر را قرار داده و بقيه ي جمله را بدون تغـــيير بازنويسي كنيم.

 

1. There is a book on the table. (What)

What is there on the table?

 

2. This pen is green. (What colour)

What colour is this pen?

 

3. She goes to school at 5 o’clock. (What time)

What time does she go to school?

 

4. Today is Monday. (What day)

What day is today?

 

5. He is playing football slowly. (How)

How is he playing football?

 

6. They saw him yesterday. (When)

When did they see him?

 

7. My father is at home. (Where)

Where is he?

 

8. He is Mr Irani. (Who)

Who is he?

 

9. I see some buses in the street. (How many)

How many buses do you see in the street?

 

10. There is a little water in the glass. (How much)

How much water is there in the glass?

 

11. That was Ali's car. (Whose)

Whose car was that?

 

12. Ali is that thin boy. (Which)

Which boy is Ali?

 

13. Mr Irani teaches English well. (Who)

Who teaches English well?

 

14. Two boys are at school. (How many)

How many boys are at school?

 

15. The thin girl is a student. (Which)

Which girl is a student?

 

طرز قرار گرفتن صفات قبل از اسم

طرز قرار گرفتن صفات قبل از اسم

 

ترتيب قرار گرفتن صفات پيش از اسم در زبان انگليسي طبق الگوي زير مي باشد.

 

اسم + جنس (نوع) + مليّت + رنگ + اندازه + عدد

 

I have two big colorful Persian wooden carpets.

 

 نكته 1: صفات اشاره this – that – these – those  و حرف تعريف the و نيز صفات ملكي my – your , …

الف) بر ديگر صفات مقدم هستند.

ب) با يكديگر بكار نميروند.

- The three good student

- This sweet red roses

- My poor old dog

در جملات بالا كلمات the – this – my  قبل از صفات ديگر بكار رفته اند.

 

نكته 2: سه واژه all ، both و half  مقدم بر صفات ملكي و حرف تعريف the استفاده ميشوند.

- all the boys                     

- both my eyes                         

- all her books

 

نكته 3: واژه half مقدم بر a و an مي باشد.

- half a minute                  

- half an hour

 

1) Which sentence is grammatically wrong?

a) Don’t look at the people sitting over there.

b) Our brain can keep a record of past events.

c) The cars that are sold are very expensive.

d) The new Japanese blue car will become cheaper.ü

 

ترتيب قرار گرفتن صفات در گزينه d اشتباه است. رنگ بايد قبل از مليت قرار بگيرد پس گزينه d از نظر گرامري غلط است و بايد جمله به اين صورت باشد:

The new blue Japanese car will be come cheaper.

 

2) Which sentence is grammatically right?

a) The white large cotton shirt was very beautiful.

b) The large white cotton shirt was very beautiful.ü

c) The cotton white large shirt was very beautiful.

d) The beautiful cotton white shirt was very large.

گزينه b درست است. ترتيب قرار گرفتن صفات صحيح است.

 

3) A: Do you have a watch?                  

    B: yes, I have ……………….

a) an old gold watchü                                        c) an old watch gold

b) a gold old watch                                             d) a watch gold old

Prepositions

 

Prepositions of time

preposition	use	examples
in	in months	in July; in September
	year	in 1985; in 1999
	seasons	in summer; in the summer of 69
	part of the day	in the morning; in the afternoon; in the evening
	duration	in a minute; in two weeks
at	part of the day	at night
	time of day	at 6 o'clock; at midnight
	celebrations	at Christmas; at Easter
	fixed phrases	at the same time
on	days of the week	on Sunday; on Friday
	date	on the 25th of December*
	special holidays	on Good Friday; on Easter Sunday; on my birthday
	a special part of a day	on the morning of September the 11th*
after	later than sth	after school
ago	how far sth happened (in the past)	6 years ago
before	earlier than sth	before Christmas
between	time that separates two points	between Monday and Friday
by	not later than a special time	by Thursday
during	through the whole of a period of time	during the holidays
for	period of time	for three weeks
from ... to from... till/until	two points form a period	from Monday to Wednesday from Monday till Wednesday from Monday until Wednesday
past	time of the day	23 minutes past 6 (6:23)
since	point of time	since Monday
till/until	no later than a special time	till tomorrow until tomorrow
to	time of the day	23 minutes to 6 (5:37)
up to	not more than a special time	up to 6 hours a day
within	during a period of time	within a day

 

Prepositions at, in, on

preposition	examples
in	We sit in the room.
	I see a house in the picture.
	There are trouts in the river.
	He lives in Paris.
	I found the picture in the paper.
	He sits in the corner of the room.
	He sits in the back of the car.
	We arrive in Madrid.
	He gets in the car.
	She likes walking in the rain.
	My cousin lives in the country.
	There are kites in the sky.
	He plays in the street. (BE)
	She lives in a hotel.
	The boys stand in a line.
	He is in town.
	I have to stay in bed.
	The robber is in prison now.
at	She sits at the desk.
	Open your books at page 10.
	The bus stops at Graz.
	I stay at my grandmother's.
	I stand at the door.
	Look at the top of the page.
	The car stands at the end of the street.
	You mustn't park your car at the front of the school.
	Can we meet at the corner of the street?
	I met John at a party.
	Pat wasn't at home yesterday.
	I study economics at university.
	The children are at grandmother's.
	He's looking at the park.
	He always arrives late at school.
on	The map lies on the desk.
	The picture is on page 10.
	The photo hangs on the wall.
	He lives on a farm.
	Dresden lies on the river Elbe.
	Men's clothes in on the second floor.
	He lives on Heligoland.
	The shop is on the left.
	My friend is on the way to Moscow.
	Write this information on the front of the letter.

 

Prepositions of place and direction

preposition	use	examples
above	higher than sth	The picture hangs above my bed.
across	from one side to the other side	You mustn't go across this road here. There isn't a bridge across the river.
after	one follows the other	The cat ran after the dog. After you.
against	directed towards sth	The bird flew against the window.
along	in a line; from one point to another	They're walking along the beach.
among	in a group	I like being among people.
around	in a circular way	We're sitting around the campfire.
behind	at the back of	Our house is behind the supermarket.
below	lower than sth	Death Valley is 86 metres below sea level.
beside	next to	Our house is beside the supermarket.
between	Sth /sb  is on each side	Our house is between the supermarket and the school.
by	near	He lives in the house by the river.
close to	near	Our house is close to the supermarket.
down	from high to low	He came down the hill.
from	the place where it starts	Do you come from Tokyo?
in front of	the part that is in the direction it faces	Our house is in front of the supermarket.
inside	opposite of outside	You shouldn't stay inside the castle.
into	entering sth	You shouldn't go into the castle.
near	close to	Our house is near the supermarket.
next to	beside	Our house is next to the supermarket.
off	away from sth	The cat jumped off the roof.
onto	moving to a place	The cat jumped onto the roof.
opposite	on the other side	Our house is opposite the supermarket.
out of	leaving sth	The cat jumped out of the window.
outside	opposite of inside	Can you wait outside?
over	above sth / sb	The cat jumped over the wall.
past	going near sth / sb	Go past the post office.
round	in a circle	We're sitting round the campfire.
through	going from one point to the other point	You shouldn't walk through the forest.
to	towards sth / sb	I like going to Australia. Can you come to me? I've never been to Africa.
towards	in the direction of sth	They walk towards the castle.
under	below sth	The cat is under the table.
up	from low to high	He went up the hill.

كــــــــــاربردهاي It

 

كــــــــــاربردهاي It

It در انگليسي كاربردهاي متعددي دارد كه به برخي از آنها در زير اشاره مي شود.

1- اشاره به شي ء مفرد

There is a car in the street. It is blue.

2- اشاره به زمان

It is Monday.

It is 2 o'clock.

3- اشاره به هوا

It is raining. It is cold.

4- اشاره به مسافت

It is 10 Kms from here to Isfahan.

5- اشاره به شخص نامشخص

Who is it on the phone?

6- كاربرد در فرمول زير

بقيه جمله + مصدر با to + صفت + is /was  + It

                                            

It is easy to learn English.

نمونه سوال

زير گزينه ي صحيح خط بكشيد.

1. A: How is the weather?   B: …………. is cold.

a. That                 b. This                    c. It                         d. There

 

2. A: What day is today?   B: ………… is Saturday.

a. It                     b. That                    c. This                    d. It’s

 

3. It was easy ………………. in that river.

a. swim              b. swimming            c. to swim           d. swam               

 

4. A: How far is ……………. to your school?  B: 200 meters.

a. that                  b. this                   c. there               d. it

 

5. A: What is …………… in your hand?  B: A pen

a. it                      b. they                  c. those              d. these                

 

 

 

يكي از كاربردهاي it استفاده در فرمول زير مي باشد كه نشان دهنده يك امر كلي و عمومي

مي باشد .

It + is / was + صفت + to مصدر با + بقيه جمله

 

It is important to learn a foreign language.

It is dangerous to swim in the river.

It was difficult to climb a tall tree.

 

چنانچه بخواهيد شخص خاصي را مورد نظر قرار دهيد از فرمول زير استفاده مي كنيد .

It + is / was + صفت + ( for +  ( مفعول + to مصدر با + بقيه جمله

It is necessary for you to come on time.

It was easy for Ali to speak English.

 

مي توان جملات فوق را بشكل زير تغيير داد .

It is dangerous to drive carelessly.

Driving carelessly is dangerous.

 

It is forbidden to smoke in this room.

Smoking in this room is forbidden.

نمونه سوال  

1. It   is  necessary ………………… early  to  class.

a. come                     b. to  come            c. coming              d. came

 

2. It was necessary ……………………. polite.

a. for him to be        b. for to be him            c. him to before             d. to be for him

 

3. It is forbidden ……………… in this bus.

a. smoke                   b. smoking            c. to smoke           d. smoked

 

4. It is useful for ……………………. to walk in the park.

a. she                                 b. her                   c. hers                 d. she's

 

5. ………………… for a long time made him tired.

a. Work                    b. Worked            c. Working           d. Works

 

6. Is it difficult to learn English?

No, ……………….. English is easy.

a. to learn                b. learned             c. learns              d. learning